<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transplantologiya</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансплантология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0506</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0909</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IPO Association of Transplantologists</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23873/2074-0506-2025-17-4-368-384</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transplantologiya-1052</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACTUAL ISSUES OF TRANSPLANTATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Длительная иммуносупрессия после трансплантации печени в реальной клинической практике: модификации и выживаемость терапии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Long-term immunosuppression after liver transplantation in real-life clinical practice: modifications and survival of therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-9183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мойсюк</surname><given-names>Я. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moysyuk</surname><given-names>Ya. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мойсюк Ян Геннадиевич - проф., д-р мед. наук, руководитель отдела трансплантологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yan G. Moysyuk - Prof., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Transplantology, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkin St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moysyuktrans@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-1483</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокина</surname><given-names>К. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokina</surname><given-names>K. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кокина Ксения Юрьевна - канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела трансплантологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia Yu. Kokina - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Transplantology Department, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkin St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kseniaur@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-6685</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сумцова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sumtsova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сумцова Ольга Васильевна - научный сотрудник отдела трансплантологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Sumtsova - Researcher, Transplantology Department, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkin St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ovmoniki@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6225-5856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григоревская</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorevskaya</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Григоревская Анна Олеговна - младший научный сотрудник отдела трансплантологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna O. Grigorevskaya - Junior Researcher, Transplantology Department, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkin St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna_gy@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-278X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малиновская</surname><given-names>Ю. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malinovskaya</surname><given-names>Yu. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малиновская Юлия Олеговна - канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела трансплантологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia O. Malinovskaya - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Transplantology Department, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkin St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yumalinovskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2019-7878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоренко</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorenko</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сидоренко Алексей Борисович - заведующий отделением хирургии и трансплантации печени.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аlexey B. Sidorenko - Head of the Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkin St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sidor-alexsey@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюшина</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyushina</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Костюшина Арина Денисовна - студент 6-го курса педиатрического факультета.</p><p>119048, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arina D. Kostyushina - 6th-year student of the Pediatrics Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University).</p><p>8 Bldg. 2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ МО МОНИКИ им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова МЗ РФ (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>368</fpage><lpage>384</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мойсюк Я.Г., Кокина К.Ю., Сумцова О.В., Григоревская А.О., Малиновская Ю.О., Сидоренко А.Б., Костюшина А.Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мойсюк Я.Г., Кокина К.Ю., Сумцова О.В., Григоревская А.О., Малиновская Ю.О., Сидоренко А.Б., Костюшина А.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Moysyuk Y.G., Kokina K.Y., Sumtsova O.V., Grigorevskaya A.O., Malinovskaya Y.O., Sidorenko A.B., Kostyushina A.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jtransplantologiya.ru/jour/article/view/1052">https://www.jtransplantologiya.ru/jour/article/view/1052</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Достигнуты высокие показатели отдаленной выживаемости реципиентов печени. Однако сохраняется потребность в создании персонализированных подходов к выбору начальной схемы иммуносупрессивной терапии и управлению ей на протяжении всего периода функционирования трансплантата.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка результатов применения, модификации и выживаемости различных схем иммуносупрессивной терапии у реципиентов на сроке до 20 лет после трансплантации печени.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В ретроспективное когортное исследование были включены данные 173 пациентов, которым выполнили 176 трансплантаций печени в период с декабря 2004 по декабрь 2021 года. Применялись следующие препараты в составе схем базисной иммуносупрессии: такролимус, стероиды, микофенолаты, эверолимус как в режиме монотерапии, так и в различных комбинациях. Были изучены модификации начальной схемы с течением времени у каждого пациента, проведен анализ частоты применения различных схем на сроках 1, 3, 5, 10 лет после трансплантации печени. Клинические наблюдения разделены на две группы в зависимости от отсутствия (1-я группа, n=81) или наличия (2-я группа, n=95) в начальной схеме иммуносупрессии стероидов и (или) микофенолатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Медиана длительности наблюдения составила 79,5 (58;120) (6–220) месяца, общая продолжительность 1355 пациенто-лет. В состав начальной схемы иммуносупрессии входили: такролимус – 100%, микофенолаты – 48%, стероиды – 39%, эверолимус – 8%. Монотерапия такролимусом была изначально назначена 38% пациентов. Назначенные при выписке схемы в различные сроки были модифицированы у 77 пациентов (44%), в 1-й группе у 14 (17,3%), во 2-й группе у 63 (66,3%), (p&lt;0,05); 10-летняя выживаемость начальной схемы иммуносупрессии составила в 1-й группе 89%, во 2-й группе 33% (p&lt;0,05). Отторжение во 2-й группе наблюдалось в 21,1%, в 1-й группе в 6,2% (n=5) случаев (p=0,004). Дисфункция трансплантата иммунной или неустановленной этиологии как причина смерти или ретрансплантации в 1-й группе встречалась значимо реже, чем во 2-й: 1 (1,2%) и 7 (7,4%) соответственно (p=0,039). Средний уровень скорости клубочковой фильтрации (СКФ) через 5 лет у пациентов, получавших монотерапию такролимусом, составил 69,7±14,1 мл/мин/1,73 м2, а в группе комбинированной терапии 62,4±20,7 мл/мин/1,73 м2, (p&gt;0,05). СКФ ≥ 60 мл/мин/1,73 м2 зарегистрирована у 76,9% и 48,3% пациентов соответственно (p&lt;0,01).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Монотерапия такролимусом или его комбинация с эверолимусом признаны оптимальными для селективной группы взрослых реципиентов печени. При тщательном отборе, строгом клиническом и лекарственном мониторинге эти схемы характеризуются наилучшей выживаемостью терапии, минимальным риском развития отторжения, редким развитием поздней дисфункции трансплантата, благоприятным профилем безопасности применения в отношении побочных эффектов, в частности, нефротоксичности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. High long-term survival rates have been achieved in liver transplant recipients. However, personalised approaches are still needed for selecting and managing the initial immunosuppressive therapy regimen throughout the entire period of graft function.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To evaluate the outcomes of various immunosuppressive therapy regimens in liver recipients over a period of up to 20 years.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from 173 patients who underwent 176 liver transplants between December 2004 and December 2021. The following immunosuppressive drugs were used: tacrolimus, steroids, mycophenolates, and everolimus, as monotherapy and in various combinations. Modifications to the initial regimen were studied in each patient over time, and the frequency with which various regimens were used at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years after transplantation was analyzed. Clinical observations were divided into two groups depending on whether steroids and/or mycophenolates were present (group 2, n=95) or absent (group 1, n=81) in the initial immunosuppression regimen.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The median follow-up duration was 79.5 (58;120) (6–220) months, the total duration was 1355 patient-years. The initial immunosuppression regimen included: tacrolimus (100% of patients), mycophenolates (48% of patients), steroids (39% of patients), everolimus (8% of patients). Tacrolimus monotherapy was initially prescribed to 38% of patients. The regimens prescribed at discharge were modified at various times in 77 (44%) patients, in the 1st group in 14 (17.3%), in the 2nd group in 63 (66.3%), (p&lt;0.05). The 10-year survival rate of the initial immunosuppression regimen was 89% in the 1st group, 33% in the 2nd group (p&lt;0.05). Rejection was observed in 21.1% of cases in group 2 and 6.2% (n=5) in group 1 (p=0.004). Immune or unspecified graft dysfunction as a cause of death or retransplantation was significantly less common in group 1 than in group 2: 1 (1.2%) and 7 (7.4%), respectively (p=0.039). The average /CF level after 5 years in patients receiving tacrolimus monotherapy was 69.7±14.1 ml/min/1.73m2, while in the combination therapy group it was 62.4±20.7 ml/min/1.73m2 (p&gt;0.05). SCF ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m2 was recorded in 76.9% and 48.3% of patients, respectively (p&lt;0.01).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Tacrolimus monotherapy or its combination with everolimus are considered optimal for a selective group of adult liver transplant recipients. With careful selection, strict clinical and drug monitoring, these regimens are characterized by the best survival of therapy, minimal risk of rejection, rare development of late graft dysfunction, favorable safety profile in terms of side effects, in particular, nephrotoxicity.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансплантация печени</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессия</kwd><kwd>такролимус</kwd><kwd>эверолимус</kwd><kwd>отторжение трансплантата печени</kwd><kwd>нефротоксичность такролимуса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liver transplantation</kwd><kwd>immunosuppression</kwd><kwd>tacrolimus</kwd><kwd>everolimus</kwd><kwd>rejection of liver transplants</kwd><kwd>tacrolimus-induced kidney damage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam R, Karam V, Cailliez V, O Grady JG, Mirza D, Cherqui D, et al.; all the other 126 contributing centers (www.eltr.org) and the European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association (ELITA). 2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) – 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2018;31(12):1293-1317. PMID: 30259574 https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13358</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adam R, Karam V, Cailliez V, O Grady JG, Mirza D, Cherqui D, et al.; all the other 126 contributing centers (www.eltr.org) and the European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association (ELITA). 2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) – 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2018;31(12):1293-1317. PMID: 30259574 https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13358</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwong AJ, Ebel NH, Kim WR, Lake JR, Smith JM, Schladt DP, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2021 Annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2023;23(2 Suppl 1):S178-S263. PMID: 37132348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2023.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwong AJ, Ebel NH, Kim WR, Lake JR, Smith JM, Schladt DP, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2021 Annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2023;23(2 Suppl 1):S178-S263. PMID: 37132348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2023.02.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwong AJ, Kim WR, Lake JR, Schladt DP, Handarova D, Howell J, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2023 Annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2025;25(2S1):S193–S287. PMID: 39947804 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2025.01.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwong AJ, Kim WR, Lake JR, Schladt DP, Handarova D, Howell J, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2023 Annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2025;25(2S1):S193–S287. PMID: 39947804 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2025.01.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новрузбеков М.С., Гуляев В.А., Луцык К.Н., Ахметшин Р.Б., Олисов О.Д., Магомедов К.М. и др. Программа трансплантации печени в НИИ скорой помощи имени Н.В. Склифосовского – этапы, достижения, перспективы. Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье. 2020;(3):162–173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novruzbekov MS, Gulyaev VA, Lutsyk KN, Akhmetshin RB, Olisov OD, Magomedov KM, et al. Liver transplantation program at NV Sklifosovsky research institute of emergency medicine: stages, achievements, and outlooks. Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (Rehabilitation, Doctor and Health). 2020;(3):162–173. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Восканян С.Э., Сушков А.И., Артемьев А.И., Рудаков В.С., Колышев И.Ю., Губарев К.К. и др. Программа трансплантации печени в Федеральном медицинском биофизическом центре им. А.И. Бурназяна: опыт 500 операций. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2024;(7):45–60. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia202407145</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskanyan SE, Sushkov AI, Artemiev AI, Rudakov VS, Kolyshev IYu, Gubarev KK, et al. Liver transplantation program at the Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center: experience in 500 procedures. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2024;(7):45–60. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia202407145</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зубенко С.И., Монахов А.Р., Болдырев М.А., Салимов В.Р., Смолянинова А.Д., Готье С.В. Факторы риска при трансплантации печени от посмертного донора: опыт одного центра. Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2022;24(4):7–14. https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2022-4-7-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zubenko SI, Monakhov AR, Boldyrev MA, Salimov VR, Smolianinova AD, Gautier SV. Risk factors in deceased donor liver transplantation: a single centre experience. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2022;24(4):7–14. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2022-4-7-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровик В.В., Тилеубергенов И.И., Руткин И.А., Майстренко Д.Н., Гранов Д.А. Результаты повторных трансплантаций печени. Анналы хирургической гепатологии. 2023;28(1):33–40. https://doi.org/10.16931/1995-5464.2023-1-33-40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovik VV, Tileubergenov II, Rutkin IO, Maystrenko DN, Granov DA. Results of liver retransplantations. Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii = Annals of HPB Surgery. 2023;28(1):33–40. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.16931/1995-5464.2023-1-33-40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuberger J, Adams DH. What is the significance of acute liver allograft rejection? J Hepatol. 1998;29(1):143–150. PMID: 9696504 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80190-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuberger J, Adams DH. What is the significance of acute liver allograft rejection? J Hepatol. 1998;29(1):143–150. PMID: 9696504 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80190-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerut JP, Gondolesi GE. Immunosuppression in liver and intestinal transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2021;54–55:101767. PMID: 34874848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101767</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerut JP, Gondolesi GE. Immunosuppression in liver and intestinal transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2021;54–55:101767. PMID: 34874848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101767</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Åberg F, Gissler M, Karlsen TH, Ericzon BG, Foss A, Rasmussen A, et al. Differences in long-term survival among liver transplant recipients and the general population: a population-based Nordic study. Hepatology. 2015;61(2):668-677. PMID: 25266201 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27538</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Åberg F, Gissler M, Karlsen TH, Ericzon BG, Foss A, Rasmussen A, et al. Differences in long-term survival among liver transplant recipients and the general population: a population-based Nordic study. Hepatology. 2015;61(2):668-677. PMID: 25266201 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27538</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Восканян С.Э., Сюткин В.Е., Сушков А.И., Восканян Ю.В., Веселкова А.Ю., Лукьянчикова А.С. и др. Внепечёночные причины заболеваемости и смертности реципиентов печени в отдалённом посттрансплантационном периоде. Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье. 2023;13(4):134–144. https://doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2023.4.TX.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskanyan SE, Syutkin VE, Sushkov AI, Voskanyan YuV, Veselkova AYu, Luk'yanchikova АS, et al. Extrahepatic causes of morbidity and mortality of liver recipients in the long-term posttransplantation period. Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (Rehabilitation, Doctor and Health). 2023;13(4):134–144. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2023.4.TX.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Guerrero-Misas M, Thorburn D, Davidson BR, Tsochatzis E, Gurusamy KS. Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD011639. PMID: 28362060 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011639.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Guerrero-Misas M, Thorburn D, Davidson BR, Tsochatzis E, Gurusamy KS. Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD011639. PMID: 28362060 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011639.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bittermann T, Lewis JD, Goldberg DS. Recipient and center factors associated with immunosuppression practice beyond the first year after liver transplantation and impact on outcomes. Transplantation. 2022;106(11):2182–2192. PMID: 35706103 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000004209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bittermann T, Lewis JD, Goldberg DS. Recipient and center factors associated with immunosuppression practice beyond the first year after liver transplantation and impact on outcomes. Transplantation. 2022;106(11):2182–2192. PMID: 35706103 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000004209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang YY, Hsu CC, Chou CL, Loong CC, Wu MS, Chou YC. Trends in the use of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs among liver transplant recipients in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25(6):661–667. PMID: 26799240 https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3964</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang YY, Hsu CC, Chou CL, Loong CC, Wu MS, Chou YC. Trends in the use of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs among liver transplant recipients in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25(6):661–667. PMID: 26799240 https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3964</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nazzal M, Lentine KL, Naik AS, Ouseph R, Schnitzler MA, Zhang Z, et al. Center-driven and clinically driven variation in US liver transplant maintenance immunosuppression therapy: a national practice patterns analysis. Transplant Direct. 2018;4(7):e364. PMID: 30046654 https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000000800</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazzal M, Lentine KL, Naik AS, Ouseph R, Schnitzler MA, Zhang Z, et al. Center-driven and clinically driven variation in US liver transplant maintenance immunosuppression therapy: a national practice patterns analysis. Transplant Direct. 2018;4(7):e364. PMID: 30046654 https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000000800</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charlton M, Levitsky J, Aqel B, O'Grady J, Hemibach J, Rinella M, et al. International Liver Transplantation Society Consensus Statement on Immunosuppression in Liver Transplant Recipients. Transplantation. 2018;102(5):727–743. PMID: 29485508 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charlton M, Levitsky J, Aqel B, O'Grady J, Hemibach J, Rinella M, et al. International Liver Transplantation Society Consensus Statement on Immunosuppression in Liver Transplant Recipients. Transplantation. 2018;102(5):727–743. PMID: 29485508 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuberger JM, Bechstein WO, Kuypers DR, Burra P, Citterio F, De Geest S, et al. Practical Recommendations for Long-term Management of Modifiable Risks in Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients: A Guidance Report and Clinical Checklist by the Consensus on Managing Modifiable Risk in Transplantation (COMMIT) Group. Transplantation. 2017;101(4S Suppl 2):S1–S56. PMID: 28328734 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001651</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuberger JM, Bechstein WO, Kuypers DR, Burra P, Citterio F, De Geest S, et al. Practical Recommendations for Long-term Management of Modifiable Risks in Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients: A Guidance Report and Clinical Checklist by the Consensus on Managing Modifiable Risk in Transplantation (COMMIT) Group. Transplantation. 2017;101(4S Suppl 2):S1–S56. PMID: 28328734 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001651</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical practice guidelines: liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2016;64(2):433–485. PMID: 26597456 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical practice guidelines: liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2016;64(2):433–485. PMID: 26597456 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical practice guidelines on liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2024;81(6):1040–1086. PMID: 39487043 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.07.032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical practice guidelines on liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2024;81(6):1040–1086. PMID: 39487043 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.07.032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cillo U, De Carlis L, Del Gaudio M, De Simone P, Fagiuoli S, Lupo F, et al. Immunosuppressive regimens for adult liver transplant recipients in real-life practice: consensus recommendations from an Italian Working Group. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(6):930–943. PMID: 33099753 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10091-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cillo U, De Carlis L, Del Gaudio M, De Simone P, Fagiuoli S, Lupo F, et al. Immunosuppressive regimens for adult liver transplant recipients in real-life practice: consensus recommendations from an Italian Working Group. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(6):930–943. PMID: 33099753 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10091-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saunders EA, Engel B, Höfer A, Hartleben B, Vondran FWR, Richter N, et al. Outcome and safety of a surveillance biopsy guided personalized immunosuppression program after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(2):519–531. PMID: 34455702 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16817</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saunders EA, Engel B, Höfer A, Hartleben B, Vondran FWR, Richter N, et al. Outcome and safety of a surveillance biopsy guided personalized immunosuppression program after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(2):519–531. PMID: 34455702 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16817</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Colmenero J, González A, Gastaca M, Curell A, Caballero-Marcos A, et al. Chronic immunosuppression, cancer Spanish consortium. Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(6):1671-1682. PMID: 35286761 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.17021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Colmenero J, González A, Gastaca M, Curell A, Caballero-Marcos A, et al. Chronic immunosuppression, cancer Spanish consortium. Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(6):1671-1682. PMID: 35286761 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.17021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трансплантация печени, наличие трансплантированной печени, отмирание и отторжение трансплантата печени: МКБ 10: Z94.4, T86.4: клинические рекомендации. Москва; 2020. URL: https://transpl.ru/upload/medialibrary/83f/83f90db50971413edc1bfb13a7b756eb.pdf [Дата обращения 24 апреля 2025 г.].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Transplantatsiya pecheni, nalichie transplantirovannoy pecheni, otmiranie i ottorzhenie transplantata pecheni: MKB 10: Z94.4, T86.4: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Moscow; 2020. Available at: https://transpl.ru/upload/medialibrary/83f/83f90db50971413edc1bfb13a7b756eb.pdf [Accessed April 24, 2025]. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малиновская Ю.О., Кокина К.Ю., Сумцова О.В., Григоревская А.О., Мойсюк Я.Г. Поздняя дисфункция трансплантата печени: определение, факторы риска и исходы. Трансплантология. 2024;16(2):163–177. https://doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2024-16-2-163-177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malinovskaya Yu, Kokina KYu, Sumtsova OV, Grigorevskaya AO, Moysyuk YaG. Late liver allograft dysfunction: definition, risk factors and outcomes. Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation. 2024;16(2):163–177. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2024-16-2-163-177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ong SC, Gaston RS. Thirty Years of Tacrolimus in Clinical Practice. Transplantation. 2021;105(3):484–495. PMID: 32541562 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000003350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ong SC, Gaston RS. Thirty Years of Tacrolimus in Clinical Practice. Transplantation. 2021;105(3):484–495. PMID: 32541562 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000003350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Germani G, Darius T, Lerut J, Tsochatzis E, Burroughs AK. Tacrolimus trough levels, rejection and renal impairment in liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(10):2797–2814. PMID: 22703529 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04140.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Germani G, Darius T, Lerut J, Tsochatzis E, Burroughs AK. Tacrolimus trough levels, rejection and renal impairment in liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(10):2797–2814. PMID: 22703529 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04140.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shuker N, van Gelder T, Hesselink DA. Intra-patient variability in tacrolimus exposure: causes, consequences for clinical management. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2015;29(2):78–84. PMID: 25687818 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2015.01.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shuker N, van Gelder T, Hesselink DA. Intra-patient variability in tacrolimus exposure: causes, consequences for clinical management. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2015;29(2):78–84. PMID: 25687818 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2015.01.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dopazo C, Bilbao I, García S, Gómez-Gavara C, Caralt M, Campos-Varela I, et al. High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure associated with poorer outcomes in liver transplantation. Clin Transl Sci. 2022;15(6):1544–1555. PMID: 35373449 https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13276</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dopazo C, Bilbao I, García S, Gómez-Gavara C, Caralt M, Campos-Varela I, et al. High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure associated with poorer outcomes in liver transplantation. Clin Transl Sci. 2022;15(6):1544–1555. PMID: 35373449 https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13276</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rayar M, Tron C, Jézéquel C, Beaurepaire JM, Petitcollin A, Houssel-Debry P, et al. High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure in the early period after liver transplantation is associated with poorer outcomes. Transplantation. 2018;102(3):e108–e114. PMID: 29315140 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rayar M, Tron C, Jézéquel C, Beaurepaire JM, Petitcollin A, Houssel-Debry P, et al. High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure in the early period after liver transplantation is associated with poorer outcomes. Transplantation. 2018;102(3):e108–e114. PMID: 29315140 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Colmenero J, González A, Gastaca M, Curell A, Caballero-Marcos A, et al. Chronic immunosuppression, cancer Spanish consortium. Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(6):1671–1682. PMID: 35286761 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.17021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Colmenero J, González A, Gastaca M, Curell A, Caballero-Marcos A, et al. Chronic immunosuppression, cancer Spanish consortium. Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(6):1671–1682. PMID: 35286761 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.17021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montano-Loza AJ, Ronca V, Ebadi M, Hansen BE, Hirschfield G, Elwir S, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG). Risk factors and outcomes associated with recurrent autoimmune hepatitis following liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2022;77(1):84–97. PMID: 35143897 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montano-Loza AJ, Ronca V, Ebadi M, Hansen BE, Hirschfield G, Elwir S, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG). Risk factors and outcomes associated with recurrent autoimmune hepatitis following liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2022;77(1):84–97. PMID: 35143897 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fairfield C, Penninga L, Powell J, Harrison EM, Wigmore SJ. Glucocorticosteroid-free versus glucocorticosteroid-containing immunosuppression for liver transplanted patients. Cochrane Database /yst Rev. 2015;(12):CD007606. PMID: 26666504 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007606.pub3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fairfield C, Penninga L, Powell J, Harrison EM, Wigmore SJ. Glucocorticosteroid-free versus glucocorticosteroid-containing immunosuppression for liver transplanted patients. Cochrane Database /yst Rev. 2015;(12):CD007606. PMID: 26666504 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007606.pub3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerut J, Mathys J, Verbaandert C, Talpe S, Ciccarelli O, Lemaire J, et al. Tacrolimus monotherapy in liver transplantation: one-year results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Surg. 2008;248(6):956–967. PMID:19092340 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819009c9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerut J, Mathys J, Verbaandert C, Talpe S, Ciccarelli O, Lemaire J, et al. Tacrolimus monotherapy in liver transplantation: one-year results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Surg. 2008;248(6):956–967. PMID:19092340 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819009c9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerut JP, Pinheiro RS, Lai Q, Stouffs V, Orlando G, Juri JM, et al. Is minimal, [almost] steroid-free immunosuppression a safe approach in adult liver transplantation? Long-term outcome of a prospective, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, investigator-driven study. Ann Surg. 2014;260(5):886–891. PMID: 25379858 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000969</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerut JP, Pinheiro RS, Lai Q, Stouffs V, Orlando G, Juri JM, et al. Is minimal, [almost] steroid-free immunosuppression a safe approach in adult liver transplantation? Long-term outcome of a prospective, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, investigator-driven study. Ann Surg. 2014;260(5):886–891. PMID: 25379858 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000969</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cotter TG, Rinella M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 2020: the state of the disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1851–1864. PMID: 32061595 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cotter TG, Rinella M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 2020: the state of the disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1851–1864. PMID: 32061595 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Best LM, Leung J, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ, Milne EJ, et al. Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):CD013203. PMID: 31978255 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013203.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Best LM, Leung J, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ, Milne EJ, et al. Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):CD013203. PMID: 31978255 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013203.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TruneČka P, Klempnauer J, Bechstein WO, Pirenne J, Friman S, Zhao A, et al.; DIAMOND† study group. Renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients receiving different prolonged-release tacrolimus regimensthe DIAMOND study. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(7):1843-1854. PMID: 25707487 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">TruneČka P, Klempnauer J, Bechstein WO, Pirenne J, Friman S, Zhao A, et al.; DIAMOND† study group. Renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients receiving different prolonged-release tacrolimus regimensthe DIAMOND study. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(7):1843-1854. PMID: 25707487 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim SH, Hwang S, Hong SK, Ryu JH, Kim BW, You YK, et al. Safety of tacrolimus monotherapy within 12 months after liver transplantation in the era of reduced tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil: national registry study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10):2806. PMID: 35628939 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102806</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim SH, Hwang S, Hong SK, Ryu JH, Kim BW, You YK, et al. Safety of tacrolimus monotherapy within 12 months after liver transplantation in the era of reduced tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil: national registry study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10):2806. PMID: 35628939 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102806</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Simone P, Nevens F, De Carlis L, Metselaar HJ, Beckebaum S, Saliba F, et al. Everolimus with reduced tacrolimus improves renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transpl. 2012;12:3008-3020. PMID:22882750 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04212.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Simone P, Nevens F, De Carlis L, Metselaar HJ, Beckebaum S, Saliba F, et al. Everolimus with reduced tacrolimus improves renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transpl. 2012;12:3008-3020. PMID:22882750 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04212.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saliba F, Duvoux C, Gugenheim J, Kamar N, Dharancy S, Salamé E, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus and mycophenolic acid with early tacrolimus withdrawal after liver transplantation: a multicenter randomized trial. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(7):1843–1852. PMID: 28133906 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14212</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saliba F, Duvoux C, Gugenheim J, Kamar N, Dharancy S, Salamé E, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus and mycophenolic acid with early tacrolimus withdrawal after liver transplantation: a multicenter randomized trial. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(7):1843–1852. PMID: 28133906 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14212</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee SG, Jeng LB, Saliba F, Singh Soin A, Lee WC, De Simone P, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus with reduced tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: 24-month results from the pooled analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials. Transplantation. 2021;105(7):1564–1575. PMID: 33741847 https://doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000003394</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee SG, Jeng LB, Saliba F, Singh Soin A, Lee WC, De Simone P, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus with reduced tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: 24-month results from the pooled analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials. Transplantation. 2021;105(7):1564–1575. PMID: 33741847 https://doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000003394</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cillo U, Saracino L, Vitale A, Bertacco A, Salizzoni M, Lupo F, et al. Very early introduction of everolimus in de novo liver transplantation: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Liver Transpl. 2019;25(2):242–251. PMID: 30592371 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25400</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cillo U, Saracino L, Vitale A, Bertacco A, Salizzoni M, Lupo F, et al. Very early introduction of everolimus in de novo liver transplantation: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Liver Transpl. 2019;25(2):242–251. PMID: 30592371 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25400</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nashan B, Schemmer P, Braun F, Schlitt HJ, Pascher A, Klein CG, et al. Early everolimus-facilitated reduced tacrolimus in liver transplantation: results from the randomized HEPHAISTOS trial. Liver Transpl. 2022;28(6):998–1010. PMID: 34525259 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.26298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nashan B, Schemmer P, Braun F, Schlitt HJ, Pascher A, Klein CG, et al. Early everolimus-facilitated reduced tacrolimus in liver transplantation: results from the randomized HEPHAISTOS trial. Liver Transpl. 2022;28(6):998–1010. PMID: 34525259 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.26298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geissler EK, Schnitzbauer AA, Zülke C, Lamby PE, Proneth A, Duvoux C, et al. sirolimus use in liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter, open-label phase 3 trial. Transplantation. 2016;100(1):116–125. PMID: 26555945 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000965</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geissler EK, Schnitzbauer AA, Zülke C, Lamby PE, Proneth A, Duvoux C, et al. sirolimus use in liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter, open-label phase 3 trial. Transplantation. 2016;100(1):116–125. PMID: 26555945 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000965</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Guerrero M, Barrera L, Ferrín G, Álamo JM, Ayllón MD, et al. Impact of early initiated everolimus on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2018;102(12):2056–2064. PMID: 29757893 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Guerrero M, Barrera L, Ferrín G, Álamo JM, Ayllón MD, et al. Impact of early initiated everolimus on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2018;102(12):2056–2064. PMID: 29757893 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigg SE, Sarri GL, Gow PJ, Yeomans ND. Systematic review with meta-analysis: sirolimusor everolimus-based immunosuppression following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(10):1260–1273. PMID: 30989721 https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigg SE, Sarri GL, Gow PJ, Yeomans ND. Systematic review with meta-analysis: sirolimusor everolimus-based immunosuppression following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(10):1260–1273. PMID: 30989721 https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15253</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schnitzbauer AA, Filmann N, Adam R, Bachellier P, Bechstein WO, Becker T, et al. mTOR inhibition is most beneficial after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with active tumors. Ann Surg. 2020;272(5):855–862. PMID: 32889867 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004280</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schnitzbauer AA, Filmann N, Adam R, Bachellier P, Bechstein WO, Becker T, et al. mTOR inhibition is most beneficial after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with active tumors. Ann Surg. 2020;272(5):855–862. PMID: 32889867 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004280</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiesner RH, Shorr JS, Steffen BJ, Chu AH, Gordon RD, Lake JR. Mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy improves long-term outcomes after liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2005;11(7):750–759. PMID: 15973716 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20453</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiesner RH, Shorr JS, Steffen BJ, Chu AH, Gordon RD, Lake JR. Mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy improves long-term outcomes after liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2005;11(7):750–759. PMID: 15973716 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20453</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellini A, Finocchietti M, Rosa AC, Masiero L, Trapani S, Cardillo M, et al.; CESIT Study Group. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplantation: results from CESIT study, an Italian retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2024;14(11):e087373. PMID: 39532354 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjo-pen-2024-087373</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellini A, Finocchietti M, Rosa AC, Masiero L, Trapani S, Cardillo M, et al.; CESIT Study Group. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplantation: results from CESIT study, an Italian retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2024;14(11):e087373. PMID: 39532354 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjo-pen-2024-087373</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim M, Hwang S, Ahn CS, Moon DB, Ha TY, Song GW, et al. Twenty-year longitudinal follow-up after liver transplantation: a single-center experience with 251 consecutive patients. Korean J Transplant. 2022;36(1):45–53. PMID: 35769427 https://doi.org/10.4285/kjt.21.0031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim M, Hwang S, Ahn CS, Moon DB, Ha TY, Song GW, et al. Twenty-year longitudinal follow-up after liver transplantation: a single-center experience with 251 consecutive patients. Korean J Transplant. 2022;36(1):45–53. PMID: 35769427 https://doi.org/10.4285/kjt.21.0031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montano-Loza AJ, Rodríguez-Perálvarez ML, Pageaux GP, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Feng S. Liver transplantation immunology: Immunosuppression, rejection, and immunomodulation. J Hepatol. 2023;78(6):1199–1215. PMID: 37208106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.01.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montano-Loza AJ, Rodríguez-Perálvarez ML, Pageaux GP, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Feng S. Liver transplantation immunology: Immunosuppression, rejection, and immunomodulation. J Hepatol. 2023;78(6):1199–1215. PMID: 37208106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.01.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
