transplantologiyaТрансплантологияTransplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation2074-05062542-0909IPO Association of Transplantologists10.23873/2074-0506-2025-17-4-494-503transplantologiya-1054Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEW ARTICLES AND LECTURESПроблемы и перспективы консервирования костно-хрящевых трансплантатовProblems and prospects of bone-cartilage grafts′ preservationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5864-5683БудаевА. А.BudaevA. A.

Будаев Антон Аркадьевич - научный сотрудник отделения биотехнологий и трансфузиологии.

129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3

Anton A. Budaev - Researcher, Scientific Department of Biotechnologies and Transfusiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine.

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090

budaevaa@sklif.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2184-2982МакаровМ. С.MakarovM. S.

Макаров Максим Сергеевич - д-р биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения биотехнологий и трансфузиологии.

129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3

Maksim S. Makarov - Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Scientific Department of Biotechnologies and Transfusiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine.

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090

makarovms@sklif.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-7523БоровковаН. В.BorovkovaN. V.

Боровкова Наталья Валерьевна - д-р мед. наук, заведующая научным отделением биотехнологий и трансфузиологии ГБУЗ «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»; доцент кафедры трансплантологии и искусственных органов им. В.П. Демихова МБФ ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова МЗ РФ (Пироговский Университет); доцент кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики с курсом лабораторной иммунологии ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО МЗ РФ.

129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3; 117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1; 125993, Москва, Баррикадная ул., д. 2/1, стр. 1

Natalya V. Borovkova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Scientific Department of Biotechnologies and Transfusiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine; Associate Professor of the V.P. Demikhov Department of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University); Associate Professor of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics with a Course in Laboratory Immunology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090; 1 Ostrovityanov St., Moscow 117997; 2/1 Bldg. 1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 125993

borovkovanv@sklif.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-0009ОфицеровА. A.OfitcerovA. A.

Офицеров Андрей Аркадьевич - научный сотрудник отделения биотехнологий и трансфузиологии.

129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3

Andrey A. Ofitserov - Researcher, Scientific Department of Biotechnologies and Transfusiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine.

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090

ofitserovaa@sklif.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-6939ПономаревИ. Н.PonomarevI. N.

Пономарев Иван Николаевич - канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения биотехнологий и трансфузиологии.

129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3

Ivan N. Ponomarev - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Scientific Department of Biotechnologies and Transfusiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine.

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090

ponomarevin@sklif.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-1427МигулеваИ. Ю.MigulevaI. Yu.

Мигулева Ирина Юрьевна - д-р мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения неотложной травматологии опорно-двигательного аппарата.

129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3

Irina Yu. Miguleva - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Department of Emergency Traumatology of the Musculoskeletal System, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine.

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090

migulevaiu@sklif.mos.ruГБУЗ «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»РоссияN.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency MedicineRussian FederationГБУЗ «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»; ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова МЗ РФ (Пироговский Университет); ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО МЗ РФРоссияN.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University); Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian Federation202511122025174494503Copyright © Будаев А.А., Макаров М.С., Боровкова Н.В., Офицеров А.A., Пономарев И.Н., Мигулева И.Ю., 20252025Будаев А.А., Макаров М.С., Боровкова Н.В., Офицеров А.A., Пономарев И.Н., Мигулева И.Ю.Budaev A.A., Makarov M.S., Borovkova N.V., Ofitcerov A.A., Ponomarev I.N., Miguleva I.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.jtransplantologiya.ru/jour/article/view/1054Введение

Введение. Суставной гиалиновый хрящ имеет особые структурно-функциональные характеристики, сохранение которых имеет критическое значение при консервировании трансплантатов, содержащих хрящевую ткань. Аллогенные костно-хрящевые трансплантаты (КХТ) являются перспективными при лечении дефектов суставного аппарата. Однако широкое клиническое применение КХТ имеет существенные затруднения, связанные с выбором эффективных методик консервации и стерилизации.

Цель

Цель. Провести комплексный анализ современных методов консервирования аллогенных КХТ с оценкой их влияния на структурную целостность ткани, биомеханические свойства и клеточную жизнеспособность.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. В работе систематизированы сведения из научных публикаций, отобранных в базах данных Scopus, PubMed, eLibrary и КиберЛенинка за период с 1980 по 2024 год, с акцентом на исследования, опубликованные за последние 15 лет.

Результаты

Результаты. Криоконсервирование рассматривается как наиболее удобный метод длительного хранения КХТ, однако его эффективность существенно зависит от оптимизации протоколов, включая подбор адекватных криопротекторов, режимов замораживания и оттаивания. Лиофилизация позволяет успешно сохранить костную часть КХТ, однако вызывает значительную деформацию хрящевой части с потерей ее структурной организации и механических свойств. Хранение КХТ в жидких консервирующих растворах обеспечивает кратковременную сохранность трансплантата (не более 2–3 недель), однако сопровождается прогрессирующим снижением его биомеханических характеристик и развитием отека матрикса. Применение химических агентов (альдегидов, спиртов, глицерина) для консервации КХТ представляется нецелесообразным из-за их выраженного цитотоксического действия и негативного влияния на архитектонику ткани. В качестве потенциально перспективного направления рассматривается обработка сверхкритическим диоксидом углерода, позволяющая сочетать стерилизацию тканей с сохранением их структурных свойств.

Заключение

Заключение. Разработка эффективных методов консервирования аллогенных КХТ, обеспечивающих сохранение их структурно-функциональных характеристик и биологической активности, остается актуальной междисциплинарной задачей, требующей интеграции достижений клеточной биологии, криобиологии и тканевой инженерии. На текущем этапе криоконсервирование представляет собой наиболее обоснованный подход, тогда как другие методы нуждаются в дальнейшей экспериментальной и клинической верификации.

Introduction

Introduction. Articular hyaline cartilage has special structural and functional characteristics, which are critically important for preserving tissue grafts, containing cartilage elements. Allogeneic bone-cartilage grafts (BCG) could be very perspective in the treatment of joint defects. However, the widespread clinical use of BCG shows significant difficulties, associated with effective choice of preservation and sterilization methods.

The aim of the study was to analyze modern methods of allogeneic BCG-preserving, according to their effect on the structural integrity of tissue, biomechanical properties and cellular viability.

Material and methods

Material and methods. We systematized data from scientific publications selected in the Scopus, PubMed, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka databases for the period from 1980 to 2024, with a focus on research published over the past 15 years.

Results

Results. Cryopreservation is considered as the most convenient method for long-term storage of BCG, however, its effectiveness significantly depends on the optimization of protocols, including the selection of adequate cryoprotectors, freezing and thawing modes. Lyophilization successfully allows to preserve bone part of BCG, but it causes significant deformation of cartilaginous part, loss of its structural organization and mechanical properties. BCG-storage in liquid culture media and solutions ensures short-term preservation of the graft (about 2–3 weeks), longer storage is accompanied with progressive decrease of biomechanical characteristics and the development of matrix edema. The use of chemical agents (aldehydes, alcohols, glycerol) for BCG-preservation seems impractical due to their pronounced cytotoxic effect and negative effect on tissue architecture. Supercritical CO2 treatment is considered as potentially promising method, targeted on combining tissue sterilization and preservation of structural properties.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The development of effective methods for preserving allogeneic BCG, ensuring the maintenance of their structural and functional characteristics, remains an urgent interdisciplinary task, requiring integration of advances in cell biology, cryobiology and tissue engineering. At the current stage, cryopreservation is the most reasonable approach, while other methods require further experimental and clinical verification.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.