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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">transplantologiya</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трансплантология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0506</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0909</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IPO Association of Transplantologists</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23873/2074-0506-2026-18-1-32-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">transplantologiya-1076</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACTUAL ISSUES OF TRANSPLANTATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патология пересаженной печени в отдаленные сроки после трансплантации: анализ реальной клинической практики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transplanted liver pathology in the late post-transplant period: analysis of real clinical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-5398</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Восканян</surname><given-names>С. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voskanyan</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Эдуардович Восканян, чл.-корр. РАН, проф., д-р мед. наук, заместитель главного врача по хирургической помощи – руководитель Центра хирургии и трансплантологии, заведующий кафедрой хирургии с курсами онкохирургии, эндоскопии, хирургической патологии, клинической трансплантологии и органного донорства Медико-биологического университета инноваций и непрерывного образования</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey E. Voskanyan, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Deputy Chief Physician for Surgical Care – Head of Surgery and Transplantation Center</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voskanyan_se@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-5211</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сюткин</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Syutkin</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Евгеньевич Сюткин, д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры хирургии с курсами онкохирургии, эндоскопии, хирургической патологии, клинической трансплантологии и органного донорства Медико-биологического университета инноваций и непрерывного образования; ведущий научный сотрудник отделения трансплантации печени</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir E. Syutkin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Surgery Department with the Courses of Oncology, Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Endoscopy, Surgical Pathology, Clinical Transplantation and Organ Donation, the Medical and Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education; Leading Researcher, Department for Liver Transplantation</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladsyutkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сушков</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sushkov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Игоревич Сушков, д-р мед. наук, заведующий лабораторией новых хирургических технологий</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander I. Sushkov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of Laboratory of New Surgical Technologies</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sushkov.transpl@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-5886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лищук</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lishchuk</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Владимирович Лищук, канд. мед. наук, заведующий патологоанатомическим отделением Медикобиологического университета инноваций и непрерывного образования</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Lishchuk, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergey.lischuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-538X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Алексеевна Дубова, д-р мед. наук, врач-патологоанатом Медико-биологического университета инноваций и непрерывного образования</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Dubova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Pathologist of the Biomedical University of Innovation and Continuing Education</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dubovaea@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-6621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудаков</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudakov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Сергеевич Рудаков, канд. мед. наук, врач-хирург хирургического отделения по координации донорства органов и (или) тканей человека, врач-хирург хирургического отделения № 2</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir S. Rudakov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Surgeon, Surgical Department for the Coordination of Donation of Organs and (or) Human Tissues, Surgeon, Surgical Department No. 2</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rudakov_vc@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1638-0087</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянчикова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukianchikova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Сергеевна Лукьянчикова, врач-хирург операционного блока № 1 операционного отделения</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna S. Lukianchikova, Surgeon, Operating Block No. 1 of the Operating Department</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anlukyanchikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-2061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ионова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ionova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Александровна Ионова, д-р мед. наук, заведующая кафедрой лучевой диагностики Медико-биологического университета инноваций и непрерывного образования </p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Ionova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Radiology of the Biomedical University of Innovation and Continuing Education</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doc.ionova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-6415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Николаевич Башков, канд. мед. наук, руководитель Центра лучевой диагностики, заведующий отделением лучевой и радиоизотопной диагностики</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey N. Bashkov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Radiology Department</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abashkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-2724</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маткевич</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matkevich</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Ивановна Маткевич, канд. мед. наук, врач-рентгенолог, заведующая отделением МРТ-диагностики Центра лучевой диагностики</p><p>123098, Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena I. Matkevich,  Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Radiology Department</p><p>23 Marshal Novikov St., Moscow 123098 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pencil_red@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ГНЦ ФМБЦ им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ГНЦ ФМБЦ им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России; ГБУЗ «НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency; N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Восканян С.Э., Сюткин В.Е., Сушков А.И., Лищук С.В., Дубова Е.А., Рудаков В.С., Лукьянчикова А.С., Ионова Е.А., Башков А.Н., Маткевич Е.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Восканян С.Э., Сюткин В.Е., Сушков А.И., Лищук С.В., Дубова Е.А., Рудаков В.С., Лукьянчикова А.С., Ионова Е.А., Башков А.Н., Маткевич Е.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voskanyan S.E., Syutkin V.E., Sushkov A.I., Lishchuk S.V., Dubova E.A., Rudakov V.S., Lukianchikova A.S., Ionova E.A., Bashkov A.N., Matkevich E.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jtransplantologiya.ru/jour/article/view/1076">https://www.jtransplantologiya.ru/jour/article/view/1076</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Болезни трансплантата в отдаленном периоде могут протекать латентно или проявляться его поздней дисфункцией.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить характер патологических изменений трансплантата у реципиентов печени в отдаленном периоде в зависимости от степени выраженности его дисфункции.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Изучены результаты гистологического исследования печени, проведенного не ранее чем через год после трансплантации 168 реципиентам. Медиана наблюдения составила 57,8 (26,3;94,9) месяца. Дисфункцию трансплантата определяли как явную при увеличении аланиновой трансферазы, аспарагиновой трансферазы или щелочной фосфатазы более 1,5 верхней границы нормы (n=73). Пограничной дисфункцией считалось увеличение хотя бы одного из показателей более 1, но менее 1,5 верхней границы нормы, или увеличение гамма-глутамил трансферазы &gt;1,5 верхней границы нормы (n=37). У 58 реципиентов дисфункция трансплантата отсутствовала.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В подгруппе реципиентов без дисфункции трансплантата отмечалось незначительное увеличение индекса массы тела (ИМТ) (+1,1 кг/м2) по сравнению с ИМТ при трансплантации. У реципиентов с пограничной дисфункцией трансплантата ИМТ был ниже (25,4 кг/м2) явной (23,7 кг/м2), чем в подгруппе реципиентов без дисфункции трансплантата (26,8 кг/м2; p=0,015). Клинические признаки дисфункции трансплантата на момент обследования отсутствовали у 34,5% реципиентов, при этом только у 22,4% из них не выявлялось серьез ных отклонений при гистологическом исследовании. У остальных реципиентов с нормальными значениями печеночных проб имел место хронический гепатит (19%), жировая болезнь (31%) или внутридольковый фиброз (25,9%), а в одном случае – цирроз трансплантата. Фиброз трансплантата наблюдался у 60,3% реципиентов без дисфункции трансплантата. Выраженный фиброз (LAF&gt;2) был выявлен в 31%, а значимый фиброз портальных трактов (METAVIR&gt;1) – у 20,7% реципиентов без признаков дисфункции трансплантата. В подгруппе реципиентов с явной дисфункцией трансплантата дуктопения была единственной патологической находкой у 11,1% реципиентов. Более двух третей случаев жировой болезни и внутрипеченочного фиброза не проявляются клинически значимыми отклонениями функциональных печеночных проб. Гистологическое исследование позволило уточнить причину явной дисфункции трансплантата в 69,4% случаев.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Проведение «протокольных» биопсий у реципиентов печени в отдаленном периоде позволяет выявить патологические изменения различной степени тяжести; уточнить активность гепатита, стадию фиброза, причину дисфункции трансплантата, выявить рецидив аутоиммунной болезни.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Late post-transplant diseases can be latent or present as late graft dysfunction.</p><p>The objective was to assess the nature of pathological changes in liver transplant recipients in the long-term based on the severity of graft dysfunction.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The results of a histological examination of the liver performed no earlier than one year after transplantation in 168 recipients were studied. The median follow-up was 57.8 (26.3; 94.9) months. Graft dysfunction was defined as overt if alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased to more than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (n=73). Borderline dysfunction was defined as an increase in at least one of these parameters to more than 1 but less than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal, or an increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) to more than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (n=37). Graft dysfunction was absent in 58 recipients.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the subgroup of recipients without graft dysfunction, a slight increase in body mass index (BMI) (+1.1 kg/ m2) was noted compared to BMI at transplantation. Recipients with the borderline graft dysfunction had a lower BMI (25.4 kg/m2), and those with the overt dysfunction had an even lower BMI (23.7 kg/m2), than the subgroup without graft dysfunction (26.8 kg/m2; p=0.015). Clinical signs of the graft dysfunction were absent in 34.5% of recipients at the time of examination; however, only 22.4% of these recipients showed no significant abnormalities on histological examination. Among the remaining recipients with normal liver tests, there was evidence of chronic hepatitis (19%), fatty liver disease (31%), or intralobular fibrosis (25.9%), and in one case, graft cirrhosis. Graft fibrosis was observed in 60.3% of recipients without graft dysfunction. Marked fibrosis (classified by the Liver Allograft Fibrosis (LAF) scoring system as LAF &gt; 2) was detected in 31%, and significant portal tract fibrosis (assessed as the meta-analysis of histological data in viral hepatitis (METAVIR) score &gt;2) was found in 20.7% of recipients without signs of graft dysfunction. In the subgroup of recipients with overt graft dysfunction, ductopenia was the only pathological finding in 11.1% of recipients. More than two-thirds of cases of fatty liver disease and intrahepatic fibrosis do not manifest with clinically significant abnormalities in functional liver tests. Histological examination allowed for the clarification of the cause of overt graft dysfunction in 69.4% of cases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Protocol biopsies in long-term liver transplant recipients enable the detection of pathological changes of varying severity, as well as the assessment of hepatitis activity, fibrosis stage, and the cause of graft dysfunction, and the identification of autoimmune disease recurrence.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансплантация печени</kwd><kwd>биопсия</kwd><kwd>неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>хронический гепатит</kwd><kwd>идиопатический посттрансплантационный гепатит</kwd><kwd>отторжение трансплантата</kwd><kwd>первичный склерозирующий холангит</kwd><kwd>первичный билиарный холангит</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунный гепатит</kwd><kwd>рецидив заболевания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liver transplantation</kwd><kwd>biopsy</kwd><kwd>non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd><kwd>chronic hepatitis</kwd><kwd>idiopathic posttransplantation hepatitis</kwd><kwd>graft rejection</kwd><kwd>primary sclerosing cholangitis</kwd><kwd>primary biliary cholangitis</kwd><kwd>autoimmune hepatitis</kwd><kwd>disease recurrence</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено в рамках научно-исследовательской работы «Идентификация и управление факторами, определяющими отдаленные результаты трансплантации печени взрослым пациентам» (ЕГИСУ НИОКТР: 124032000128-9), выполняемой по государственному заданию Федерального медико-биологического агентства</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam R, Karam V, Cailliez V, O'Grady J, Mirza D, Cherqui D, et al. 2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) - 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. 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