Факторы риска и патогенез злокачественных новообразований у реципиентов почечного трансплантата

Актуальность. У реципиентов почечного трансплантата значительно увеличен риск возникновения злокачественных новообразований по сравнению с общей популяцией. При этом реципиенты, проживающие в разных регионах планеты, имеют различия в частоте и структуре онкозаболеваемости.

Цель. Определить значимость факторов риска и патогенез злокачественных новообразований у реципиентов почечного трансплантата.

Материал и методы. Основой исследования послужили материалы из российских и международных баз данных, включая PubMed, Scopus, eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, Web of Science с использованием поисковых запросов: «трансплантированная почка», «злокачественные новообразования», «патогенез», «факторы риска». Из первоначально отобранных 154 публикаций были выбраны 60 наиболее релевантных работ за 2020–2025 годы.

Заключение. Реципиенты почечного трансплантата подвержены повышенному риску возникновения злокачественных новообразований, что связано с действием специфических факторов онкогенеза, которые отсутствуют в общей популяции. Данные факторы условно разделяются на три группы: донор-обусловленные, реципиент-обусловленные и ассоциированные с трансплантацией почки. Помимо прочего, присутствуют дополнительные факторы, ассоциированные с развитием посттрансплантационного рака, присущие для определенных регионов проживания, что обуславливает различную структуру заболеваемости. Понимание особенностей факторов риска и патогенеза, свойственных для реципиентов почечного трансплантата конкретной популяции, может позволить выделить группы риска и разработать региональные программы скрининга на злокачественные новообразования.

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